Novels, Short Stories, Fantasy Series, Poetry, Historical Fiction and Romanian Editions | BookFairy
📖 Robert E. Howard Complete Bibliography
Robert E. Howard (1906–1936) was one of the most influential American writers of the pulp era and a founding figure of sword and sorcery fantasy. Although best known as the creator of Conan the Barbarian, his literary output extended far beyond the Hyborian Age, encompassing supernatural horror, historical adventure, westerns, boxing stories, poetry, detective fiction and imaginative tales of ancient civilisations.
Howard’s professional career was remarkably brief. His first published story, Spear and Fang, appeared in Weird Tales in 1925, and his life ended in 1936, when he was only thirty years old. During that period, he produced an enormous body of fiction and poetry, much of which appeared in popular magazines. Other manuscripts remained unpublished until decades after his death, when editors and literary researchers began collecting and restoring his work.
Unlike many modern fantasy authors, Howard did not originally publish his most famous stories as numbered book series. Conan, Solomon Kane, Kull, Bran Mak Morn and several other characters first appeared in individual magazine stories. The familiar books and numbered collections were largely assembled by later publishers, sometimes with revised titles, editorial changes or additional material written by other authors.
This BookFairy bibliography therefore distinguishes original stories from posthumous collections, first publication from composition dates, and Howard’s own writing from later adaptations or continuations. Series are presented separately, and the Conan stories are arranged according to their original publication history rather than an invented numbered sequence.
The catalogue also includes significant poetry, letters, unfinished material, collected editions and verified Romanian publications, with particular attention to the Conan adventures already reviewed on BookFairy.
📚 Major Works in First-Publication Order
The following chronology highlights Howard’s major literary milestones. It is followed by separate catalogues for his fictional cycles and other genres.
| Year | Work | Category |
|---|---|---|
| 1925 | Spear and Fang | Prehistoric adventure; first professional publication |
| 1927 | The Lost Race | Weird fantasy |
| 1928 | Red Shadows | First published Solomon Kane adventure |
| 1928 | The Dream Snake | Supernatural horror |
| 1929 | The Shadow Kingdom | Kull; sword and sorcery |
| 1929 | The Mirrors of Tuzun Thune | Kull |
| 1930 | Kings of the Night | Bran Mak Morn / Kull |
| 1931 | The Black Stone | Supernatural horror |
| 1931 | The Dark Man | Turlogh Dubh O’Brien |
| 1932 | Worms of the Earth | Bran Mak Morn |
| 1932 | The Phoenix on the Sword | First published Conan adventure |
| 1933 | The Tower of the Elephant | Conan |
| 1933 | The Pool of the Black One | Conan |
| 1934 | Queen of the Black Coast | Conan |
| 1934 | The Shadow of the Vulture | Historical adventure; Red Sonya |
| 1934 | A Witch Shall Be Born | Conan |
| 1935 | Beyond the Black River | Conan |
| 1935–1936 | The Hour of the Dragon | Conan novel; magazine serial |
| 1936 | Red Nails | Conan novella |
| 1937 | A Gent from Bear Creek | Posthumous western novel assembled from earlier stories |
Howard’s extraordinary variety is evident even in this abbreviated chronology. Fantasy and horror were important parts of his career, but historical adventure, western humour, sporting fiction and other popular genres also occupied a substantial place in his writing.
⚔️ Conan the Barbarian — The Original Stories
Conan the Cimmerian is Howard’s most famous creation and one of the defining protagonists of sword and sorcery. His adventures take place in the Hyborian Age, a fictional prehistoric period filled with rival kingdoms, ancient mysteries, supernatural dangers and ambitious rulers.
Howard wrote Conan’s stories without following a strict internal chronology. The character appears at different stages of his life, from wandering adventurer to king of Aquilonia. Consequently, the original publication order is the most reliable starting point for readers who want to experience the stories as their first audiences encountered them.
Conan Stories Published in Howard’s Lifetime
| First publication | Original title | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| December 1932 | The Phoenix on the Sword | Conan’s first published appearance |
| January 1933 | The Scarlet Citadel | Weird Tales |
| March 1933 | The Tower of the Elephant | Weird Tales |
| June 1933 | Black Colossus | Weird Tales |
| September 1933 | The Slithering Shadow | Also known as Xuthal of the Dusk |
| October 1933 | The Pool of the Black One | Also published in Romanian as Misterul fântânii blestemate |
| January 1934 | Rogues in the House | Weird Tales |
| March 1934 | Gods of the North | An early version of The Frost-Giant’s Daughter, published without Conan |
| April 1934 | Shadows in the Moonlight | Also known as Iron Shadows in the Moon |
| May 1934 | Queen of the Black Coast | Weird Tales |
| August 1934 | The Devil in Iron | Weird Tales |
| September–November 1934 | The People of the Black Circle | Three-part serial |
| December 1934 | A Witch Shall Be Born | Conan novella / novelette |
| March 1935 | Jewels of Gwahlur | Also known as The Servants of Bit-Yakin |
| May–June 1935 | Beyond the Black River | Two-part serial |
| November 1935 | Shadows in Zamboula | Also known as The Man-Eaters of Zamboula |
| December 1935–April 1936 | The Hour of the Dragon | Conan’s original full-length novel |
| July–October 1936 | Red Nails | Published after Howard’s death |
Several stories were originally issued under titles different from those now preferred in modern scholarly editions. These are alternate names for the same works, not additional Conan adventures.
Gods of the North requires particular care: the 1934 published version was adapted from Howard’s previously rejected Conan story The Frost-Giant’s Daughter. Modern Conan collections generally restore the Conan version, but the two publication forms should not be treated as separate original adventures.
Conan Stories First Published Posthumously
Howard left additional Conan manuscripts, drafts and incomplete stories that appeared in edited or restored forms after his death.
| Original work | Publication history |
|---|---|
| The God in the Bowl | First published in 1952 |
| The Frost-Giant’s Daughter | Original Conan form published posthumously |
| The Vale of Lost Women | First published in 1967 |
| The Black Stranger | Original Howard text published in 1987; an edited adaptation appeared earlier |
| The Hall of the Dead | Synopsis published posthumously |
| The Hand of Nergal | Unfinished Conan fragment |
| The Snout in the Dark | Unfinished Conan fragment |
| Drums of Tombalku | Unfinished Conan fragment |
These works are important for a complete Conan bibliography, but they should not be confused with the many later Conan novels and stories written by other authors.
The Hyborian Age
The Hyborian Age is Howard’s fictional historical essay explaining the rise and fall of ancient peoples and kingdoms in Conan’s world. It serves as background material rather than a separate Conan adventure.
The essay was written before Howard’s death and subsequently appeared in printed editions, including a 1936 publication of its opening section. Modern collections frequently include it alongside the Conan stories.
📚 Conan — Recommended Reading Order
For BookFairy, original publication order is recommended because Howard did not establish an official numerical sequence for Conan’s adventures. The opening run begins with The Phoenix on the Sword, followed by The Scarlet Citadel, The Tower of the Elephant, Black Colossus, The Slithering Shadow and The Pool of the Black One.
Readers who want the entire original canon can continue through the remaining magazine stories and then explore the posthumously published manuscripts. Alternatively, modern scholarly collections offer a convenient way to read the material without confusing Howard’s own work with later continuations.
The most important distinction is between the order of the original stories and the numbering of modern book collections. A volume labelled Conan, Book 1 is not necessarily the first Conan story Howard wrote or published.
👑 Kull of Atlantis — Stories and Fragments
Kull was one of Howard’s earliest major fantasy protagonists. A barbarian who becomes king of Valusia, he inhabits the ancient Thurian Age, a world shaped by forgotten races, political intrigue and unsettling questions about reality.
The first published Kull story was The Shadow Kingdom (1929), followed by The Mirrors of Tuzun Thune (1929). Other completed stories and fragments remained unpublished during Howard’s lifetime and were collected decades later.
Principal Kull Works
- The Shadow Kingdom (1929)
- The Mirrors of Tuzun Thune (1929)
- Kings of the Night (1930; features Kull within a Bran Mak Morn story)
- The Cat and the Skull — also published as Delcardes’ Cat
- The Screaming Skull of Silence
- The Striking of the Gong
- The Altar and the Scorpion
- By This Axe I Rule!
- The Curse of the Golden Skull
- The King and the Oak
- Exile of Atlantis
- Swords of the Purple Kingdom
- Riders Beyond the Sunrise — unfinished
- The Black City — unfinished
- The Shadow of the Vulture is not a Kull story; it belongs to Howard’s historical fiction.
Kull’s bibliography contains a mixture of published stories, posthumous texts and manuscript fragments, and these categories should remain distinct. By This Axe I Rule! is especially noteworthy because Howard later reworked elements of it into The Phoenix on the Sword, the first published Conan adventure.
The principal modern collection is Kull: Exile of Atlantis (2006), which brings together the Kull material in restored form.
🗡️ Solomon Kane — Original Stories
Solomon Kane is a wandering Puritan adventurer driven by an uncompromising desire to confront evil. His stories combine historical adventure, supernatural horror and moral conflict, often taking him through dangerous European and African landscapes.
Stories Published During Howard’s Lifetime
| Year | Title |
|---|---|
| 1928 | Red Shadows |
| 1929 | Skulls in the Stars |
| 1929 | Rattle of Bones |
| 1930 | The Moon of Skulls |
| 1930 | The Hills of the Dead |
| 1931 | The Footfalls Within |
| 1932 | Wings in the Night |
Posthumous Stories, Fragments and Poems
- Blades of the Brotherhood — also known as The Blue Flame of Vengeance
- The Right Hand of Doom
- The Castle of the Devil — fragment
- The Children of Asshur — unfinished
- Death’s Black Riders — fragment
- The Hawk of Basti — unfinished
- The Return of Sir Richard Grenville — poem
- Solomon Kane’s Homecoming — poem
The Savage Tales of Solomon Kane (2004) is one of the principal modern collections of the character’s stories, fragments and associated poetry. It is a collected edition, not a previously unpublished single novel.
🛡️ Bran Mak Morn and the Pictish Cycle
Bran Mak Morn is a king of the ancient Picts who resists Roman expansion in Britain. Howard’s stories about the Picts explore imperial conquest, cultural survival and the frightening survival of forgotten peoples and supernatural powers.
The central Bran Mak Morn stories include:
- Men of the Shadows — published posthumously
- Kings of the Night (1930)
- Worms of the Earth (1932)
- The Dark Man (1931) — related to the Pictish mythology and Turlogh Dubh O’Brien
- The Lost Race (1927) — part of Howard’s broader Pictish mythology
- A Song of the Race — poem
- The Ghost Kings — poem
The principal modern collection is Bran Mak Morn: The Last King (2005). Earlier collections include Bran Mak Morn (1969) and Worms of the Earth (1975).
🏜️ El Borak — Francis Xavier Gordon
El Borak is the nickname of Francis Xavier Gordon, an American adventurer whose stories take place primarily in the Middle East and Central Asia. These narratives combine espionage, political conflict, military adventure and dangerous journeys.
Howard wrote a substantial number of El Borak stories, many published after his death. Important works include:
- The Daughter of Erlik Khan
- The Lost Valley of Iskander
- The Blood of Belshazzar
- Hawk of the Hills
- The Country of the Knife
- Son of the White Wolf
- The Three-Bladed Doom
- The Dead Remember is not an El Borak story; it belongs to Howard’s supernatural fiction.
Relevant collections include The Lost Valley of Iskander (1974), The Early Adventures of El Borak (2010) and El Borak and Other Desert Adventures (2010).
⚔️ Historical Fantasy and Adventure
Howard also wrote numerous adventures featuring historical or historically inspired protagonists, often combining warfare, political intrigue and personal conflict.
Cormac Mac Art
Cormac Mac Art is an Irish adventurer whose exploits take place during the Viking Age. Howard’s surviving stories and fragments were collected in Tigers of the Sea (1975).
The collection is posthumous, and later Cormac Mac Art books by Andrew J. Offutt should be credited to their actual author rather than listed as original Howard works.
Dark Agnes de Chastillon
Agnes de Chastillon, sometimes called Dark Agnes, is a sword-wielding heroine of historical adventure fiction. Her best-known stories include Sword Woman, Blades for France and the unfinished Mistress of Death.
These works are important examples of Howard’s interest in formidable female protagonists. Their publication history is largely posthumous.
Red Sonya of Rogatino
Red Sonya appeared in The Shadow of the Vulture (1934), a historical adventure set against the background of the Ottoman expansion into Europe.
The character later inspired the comic-book heroine Red Sonja, but they are not identical literary characters. Howard’s original Red Sonya belongs to sixteenth-century historical fiction, not to the Hyborian Age.
Other Historical Adventures
Howard’s historical fiction includes works such as The Sowers of the Thunder, The Lion of Tiberias, The Shadow of the Vulture, Lord of Samarcand and The Road of Azrael.
These stories reflect his fascination with ancient and medieval warfare, cultural conflict and the personalities who shaped violent periods of history.
🌑 Horror, Weird Fiction and Supernatural Stories
Howard’s horror fiction forms a substantial part of his bibliography and frequently overlaps with fantasy, prehistoric adventure and the weird-fiction tradition associated with Weird Tales.
Among his important horror and supernatural works are:
| Year | Work |
|---|---|
| 1925 | In the Forest of Villefère |
| 1928 | The Dream Snake |
| 1931 | The Black Stone |
| 1931 | The Children of the Night |
| 1932 | The Thing on the Roof |
| 1932 | People of the Dark |
| 1933 | The Cairn on the Headland |
| 1934 | The Haunter of the Ring |
| 1936 | The Fire of Asshurbanipal |
| 1936 | Pigeons from Hell |
| 1937 | Dig Me No Grave |
The publication dates in this section refer to first appearances rather than when the stories were written. Some important works were published posthumously, and modern horror collections may use restored texts or alternate titles.
Howard’s principal supernatural collections include The Dark Man and Others (1963), The Horror Stories of Robert E. Howard (2008) and related restored editions.
🥊 Boxing Fiction — Sailor Steve Costigan and Other Fighters
Boxing fiction was one of Howard’s most productive fields. His sporting stories combine action, humour, rough-and-ready protagonists and the atmosphere of popular pulp magazines.
Sailor Steve Costigan became one of his most frequently recurring characters, appearing in stories involving boxing matches, foreign ports, rival sailors and comic misunderstandings.
Other recurring boxing protagonists include Dennis Dorgan, Kid Allison and other fighters whose adventures appeared in sporting and men’s adventure magazines.
Important examples include The Pit of the Serpent, The Slugger’s Game, General Ironfist and Sluggers of the Beach.
The boxing stories are significant because they demonstrate that Howard’s ability to write action was not limited to swords, sorcery or historical warfare. They also account for a large number of individual short publications that are often omitted from general fantasy bibliographies.
🤠 Western Fiction — Breckinridge Elkins and Other Stories
Howard also wrote western fiction, ranging from serious frontier adventures to humorous stories featuring exaggerated physical confrontations and larger-than-life characters.
Breckinridge Elkins is among his best-known western protagonists, appearing in stories later incorporated into A Gent from Bear Creek.
A Gent from Bear Creek (1937)
Published in book form in 1937, A Gent from Bear Creek combines revised earlier Breckinridge Elkins stories with new material into a continuous narrative.
It is an important exception within Howard’s bibliography because it represents an actual book-length narrative assembled from his work rather than merely a modern reprint anthology. However, it appeared after the author’s death.
The original volume includes chapters based on stories such as Mountain Man, Guns of the Mountains, The Feud Buster, The Road to Bear Creek, The Scalp Hunter, Cupid from Bear Creek and War on Bear Creek, together with additional connecting material.
Howard’s western output also includes stories involving Pike Bearfield, Buckner J. Grimes and other frontier characters. Some were published during his lifetime, while other manuscripts appeared posthumously.
📝 Poetry and Literary Essays
Howard wrote a considerable body of poetry exploring ancient history, warfare, death, melancholy, freedom and the passing of civilisations. His poems appeared in magazines, correspondence and posthumous collections.
Important poetry collections include:
- Always Comes Evening (1957) — Arkham House
- Rhymes of Texas and the Old West (2007) — Robert E. Howard Foundation Press
- The Collected Poetry of Robert E. Howard (2009) — Robert E. Howard Foundation Press
Howard’s nonfiction includes essays, reflections on history and culture, and correspondence containing substantial discussions of literature and philosophy.
For a complete literary bibliography, these writings must be distinguished from later critical works about Howard, which should not be presented as if he had authored them.
✉️ Letters and Correspondence
Howard’s letters are an important source of information about his literary career, personal interests and creative development.
The Robert E. Howard Foundation Press published a major three-volume edition:
- The Collected Letters of Robert E. Howard, Volume One: 1923–1929 (2007)
- The Collected Letters of Robert E. Howard, Volume Two: 1930–1932 (2007)
- The Collected Letters of Robert E. Howard, Volume Three: 1933–1936 (2008)
His correspondence with H. P. Lovecraft is particularly significant and was also published in A Means to Freedom: The Letters of H. P. Lovecraft and Robert E. Howard (2009), alongside Lovecraft’s replies.
These collected letters provide essential context for Howard’s fiction, but their modern publication dates should not be confused with the dates on which the letters were originally written.
📦 Major Collections and Omnibus Editions
The following are significant collected editions rather than new original novels.
| Year | Collection | Contents or significance |
|---|---|---|
| 1950 | Conan the Conqueror | Book edition of The Hour of the Dragon |
| 1952 | The Sword of Conan | Conan stories |
| 1953 | King Conan | Conan stories |
| 1953 | The Coming of Conan | Conan stories |
| 1954 | Conan the Barbarian | Conan stories |
| 1957 | Always Comes Evening | Poetry |
| 1963 | The Dark Man and Others | Horror and fantasy |
| 1969 | Bran Mak Morn | Pictish stories |
| 1975 | Tigers of the Sea | Cormac Mac Art |
| 1976 | The Book of Robert E. Howard | Selected fiction |
| 2002 | The Coming of Conan the Cimmerian | Restored Conan texts |
| 2003 | The Bloody Crown of Conan | Restored Conan texts |
| 2004 | The Savage Tales of Solomon Kane | Solomon Kane fiction |
| 2005 | The Conquering Sword of Conan | Restored Conan texts |
| 2005 | Bran Mak Morn: The Last King | Restored Pictish fiction |
| 2006 | Kull: Exile of Atlantis | Restored Kull stories |
| 2006 | The Complete Chronicles of Conan | Conan omnibus |
| 2007 | The Best of Robert E. Howard, Volume One: Crimson Shadows | Selected fiction |
| 2007 | The Best of Robert E. Howard, Volume Two: Grim Lands | Selected fiction |
| 2008 | The Horror Stories of Robert E. Howard | Horror collection |
| 2009 | The Collected Poetry of Robert E. Howard | Poetry |
| 2010 | El Borak and Other Desert Adventures | Adventure fiction |
| 2011 | Sword Woman and Other Historical Adventures | Historical fiction |
The Restored Conan Collection
For readers who want Howard’s original Conan fiction without later continuations, three modern collections are particularly important:
- The Coming of Conan the Cimmerian (2002)
- The Bloody Crown of Conan (2003)
- The Conquering Sword of Conan (2005)
These editions present restored versions of the original material and are an especially useful basis for studying the history of Conan.
The Complete Chronicles of Conan
The Complete Chronicles of Conan (2006), published by Gollancz, is another major omnibus. It gathers Howard’s original Conan material into a substantial single volume.
It should not be counted as a separate original Conan novel. Its value lies in bringing together stories and associated material originally published over several years or recovered after Howard’s death.
🎨 Comics, Films and Literary Adaptations
Conan and other Howard characters have been adapted into comic books, graphic novels, films, television productions and games. These adaptations are central to Howard’s cultural legacy, but they are not additional works written by him.
Marvel Comics began publishing Conan the Barbarian in 1970, helping introduce the character to a much broader audience. Later comic-book projects, including The Savage Sword of Conan, expanded the character’s popularity and visual identity.
The 1982 film Conan the Barbarian, starring Arnold Schwarzenegger, became one of the most recognisable adaptations associated with Howard’s creation.
Solomon Kane, Kull and Red Sonja have also appeared in adaptations. Red Sonja requires particular bibliographic care because the modern comic-book heroine was inspired by Howard’s historical Red Sonya but was developed into a different character.
For BookFairy, adaptations are identified separately from original literary works to prevent stories written or adapted by other creators from being incorrectly attributed to Howard.
🇷🇴 Romanian Translations and Editions
Robert E. Howard’s fiction has appeared in Romanian in individual editions, anthologies and collected volumes. His Conan stories are particularly important within the Romanian fantasy publishing landscape, and Crux Publishing has released several editions of his work.
The following catalogue distinguishes individual Romanian publications from later collections that reprint the same stories.
Crux Publishing — Verified Editions
| Year | Romanian title | Original work / notes |
|---|---|---|
| 2015 | Metamorfoze | Anthology containing Howard material |
| 2016 | Conan Barbarul: Misterul fântânii blestemate | The Pool of the Black One (1933) |
| 2016 | Conan Barbarul: O vrăjitoare se va naște | A Witch Shall Be Born (1934) |
| 2018 | Conan Barbarul: Phoenix pe o sabie. Turnul elefantului | The Phoenix on the Sword (1932) and The Tower of the Elephant (1933) |
| 2020 | Sonya cea Roșie: În umbra vulturului | The Shadow of the Vulture (1934) |
| 2024 | Integrala Conan Barbarul, Volumul I — Cuie roșii și alte povestiri | Romanian collection of Conan stories |
These publications reflect the development of Crux Publishing’s Robert E. Howard catalogue. The two individual Conan books from 2016 are particularly relevant to BookFairy because both have been reviewed here.
The collection published in 2024 brings earlier Conan material together in a larger volume. It is not a new Conan story, and the original works it contains retain their first-publication dates from the 1930s.
Integrala Conan Barbarul, Volumul I — Cuie roșii și alte povestiri (2024)
Publisher: Crux Publishing
Year: 2024
Format: Paperback
Pages: 268
Dimensions: 130 × 200 mm
ISBN: 978-606-9027-25-7
Language: Romanian
Translators: George Cornilă, Andreea Sterea, Oliviu Crâznic and Cristina Ivan.
This is the current Romanian collected edition associated with the two Conan stories reviewed on BookFairy.
The volume must be distinguished from Howard’s original sequence of magazine publications. Its designation as Volume I refers to the Romanian publisher’s collection, not to an original numbered Conan series.
Other Romanian Publications
Howard’s work has also circulated in Romanian through other publishers, selected fantasy anthologies and reprinted stories. Because titles, translators and collection contents vary, individual editions should be added only when their bibliographic records can be verified.
No unconfirmed Romanian translation is assigned to a Howard story merely because its English original appears in a modern collection.
📖 Robert E. Howard on BookFairy
⚔️ Conan Barbarul: Misterul Fântânii Blestemate (1933)
Original title: The Pool of the Black One
An enjoyable classic sword and sorcery adventure that I read in 2016. Although I remember having a pleasant reading experience, the story did not leave a particularly lasting impression on me. My retrospective review focuses on that honest response rather than reconstructing details I no longer recall.
📖 Conan Barbarul: Misterul Fântânii Blestemate — Book Review
🗡️ Conan Barbarul: O vrăjitoare se va naște (1934)
Original title: A Witch Shall Be Born
Another Conan adventure from my 2016 reading, combining political betrayal, dark magic and revenge. I remember it as an entertaining experience, although it did not become a particularly memorable favourite.
📖 Conan Barbarul: O vrăjitoare se va naște — Book Review
📚 Bibliographic Scope and Research Notes
Robert E. Howard wrote more than three hundred works of fiction and hundreds of poems, in addition to letters, nonfiction and surviving unfinished manuscripts. His complete output is too extensive to represent accurately through a list of major titles alone.
This BookFairy catalogue establishes the principal literary cycles, the Conan publication chronology, important stories in other genres, poetry, correspondence, collected editions and verified Romanian publications. It is a structured foundation for a comprehensive bibliography, but it does not claim that every individual boxing story, western, poem, fragment or posthumous magazine appearance has been independently enumerated here.
For exhaustive title-level research, the Howard Works master index remains essential. Its alphabetical catalogue records individual works, alternate titles, fragments, poems, nonfiction and later publication appearances. Keeping that distinction visible avoids presenting a selective list as though it contained every surviving manuscript.
📚 Sources and Further Reading
- Howard Works — The Works of Robert E. Howard, including the comprehensive story, poetry and publication indexes.
- The Robert E. Howard Foundation — biographical information, manuscript research and collected publications.
- The Science Fiction Encyclopedia — bibliographic history and major collected editions.
- Penguin Random House — Del Rey restored editions of Conan, Kull, Solomon Kane and other Howard fiction.
- Crux Publishing and Howard Works’ Romanian publisher listings — Romanian editions and translations.
- REH World — publication records, original pulp appearances and posthumous collections.
These references distinguish primary fiction from later editorial collections and provide a framework for checking alternate titles, reprints and publication dates.
